It's surely a quite straightforward distinction:
Public transport = bus or train that anyone can get on, private transport = car for personal use
Public company = one with tradeable shares that anyone can buy, private company = one with non-quoted restricted share ownership.
So I image public plane = scheduled air flight, private plane = one just for you.
I could go on:
Public boat (more likely ferry, or hire boat) = one available to anyone , private boat = just you and me.
Public house = pub where anyone can drink, private house = mine.
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